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8 changed files with 147 additions and 195 deletions

59
FAQ
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@ -2,14 +2,12 @@
Use the excellent tool of [utmp](https://git.suckless.org/utmp/) for this task.
## Some _random program_ complains that st is unknown/not recognised/unsupported/whatever!
It means that st doesnt have any terminfo entry on your system. Chances are
you did not `make install`. If you just want to test it without installing it,
you can manually run `tic -sx st.info`.
## Nothing works, and nothing is said about an unknown terminal!
* Some programs just assume theyre running in xterm i.e. they dont rely on
@ -17,7 +15,6 @@ you can manually run `tic -sx st.info`.
* Some programs dont complain about the lacking st description and default to
another terminal. In that case see the question about terminfo.
## How do I scroll back up?
* Using a terminal multiplexer.
@ -26,13 +23,11 @@ you can manually run `tic -sx st.info`.
* Using the excellent tool of [scroll](https://git.suckless.org/scroll/).
* Using the scrollback [patch](https://st.suckless.org/patches/scrollback/).
## I would like to have utmp and/or scroll functionality by default
You can add the absolute patch of both programs in your config.h
file. You only have to modify the value of utmp and scroll variables.
## Why doesn't the Del key work in some programs?
Taken from the terminfo manpage:
@ -88,14 +83,12 @@ If you are using zsh, then read the zsh FAQ
Putting these lines into your .zshrc will fix the problems.
## How can I use meta in 8bit mode?
St supports meta in 8bit mode, but the default terminfo entry doesn't
use this capability. If you want it, you have to use the 'st-meta' value
in TERM.
## I cannot compile st in OpenBSD
OpenBSD lacks librt, despite it being mandatory in POSIX
@ -104,7 +97,6 @@ If you want to compile st for OpenBSD you have to remove -lrt from config.mk, an
st will compile without any loss of functionality, because all the functions are
included in libc on this platform.
## The Backspace Case
St is emulating the Linux way of handling backspace being delete and delete being
@ -166,60 +158,19 @@ terminal users wants its backspace to be how he feels it:
[1] http://www.ibb.net/~anne/keyboard.html
[2] http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Keyboard-and-Console-HOWTO-5.html
## But I really want the old grumpy behaviour of my terminal
Apply [1].
[1] https://st.suckless.org/patches/delkey
## Why do images not work in st (in programs such as w3m)?
## Why do images not work in st using the w3m image hack?
w3mimg uses a hack that draws an image on top of the terminal emulator Drawable
window. The hack relies on the terminal to use a single buffer to draw its
contents directly.
st uses double-buffered drawing so the image is quickly replaced and may show a
short flicker effect.
Below is a patch example to change st double-buffering to a single Drawable
buffer.
diff --git a/x.c b/x.c
--- a/x.c
+++ b/x.c
@@ -732,10 +732,6 @@ xresize(int col, int row)
win.tw = col * win.cw;
win.th = row * win.ch;
- XFreePixmap(xw.dpy, xw.buf);
- xw.buf = XCreatePixmap(xw.dpy, xw.win, win.w, win.h,
- DefaultDepth(xw.dpy, xw.scr));
- XftDrawChange(xw.draw, xw.buf);
xclear(0, 0, win.w, win.h);
/* resize to new width */
@@ -1148,8 +1144,7 @@ xinit(int cols, int rows)
gcvalues.graphics_exposures = False;
dc.gc = XCreateGC(xw.dpy, parent, GCGraphicsExposures,
&gcvalues);
- xw.buf = XCreatePixmap(xw.dpy, xw.win, win.w, win.h,
- DefaultDepth(xw.dpy, xw.scr));
+ xw.buf = xw.win;
XSetForeground(xw.dpy, dc.gc, dc.col[defaultbg].pixel);
XFillRectangle(xw.dpy, xw.buf, dc.gc, 0, 0, win.w, win.h);
@@ -1632,8 +1627,6 @@ xdrawline(Line line, int x1, int y1, int x2)
void
xfinishdraw(void)
{
- XCopyArea(xw.dpy, xw.buf, xw.win, dc.gc, 0, 0, win.w,
- win.h, 0, 0);
XSetForeground(xw.dpy, dc.gc,
dc.col[IS_SET(MODE_REVERSE)?
defaultfg : defaultbg].pixel);
This is a terrible hack that overdraws an image on top of the terminal emulator
window. It also relies on a very specific way the terminal draws it's contents.
A more proper (but limited way) would be using sixels. Which st doesn't
support.
## BadLength X error in Xft when trying to render emoji

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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
MIT/X Consortium License
© 2014-2020 Hiltjo Posthuma <hiltjo at codemadness dot org>
© 2014-2018 Hiltjo Posthuma <hiltjo at codemadness dot org>
© 2018 Devin J. Pohly <djpohly at gmail dot com>
© 2014-2017 Quentin Rameau <quinq at fifth dot space>
© 2009-2012 Aurélien APTEL <aurelien dot aptel at gmail dot com>

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@ -43,18 +43,9 @@ static unsigned int tripleclicktimeout = 600;
/* alt screens */
int allowaltscreen = 1;
/* allow certain non-interactive (insecure) window operations such as:
setting the clipboard text */
int allowwindowops = 0;
/*
* draw latency range in ms - from new content/keypress/etc until drawing.
* within this range, st draws when content stops arriving (idle). mostly it's
* near minlatency, but it waits longer for slow updates to avoid partial draw.
* low minlatency will tear/flicker more, as it can "detect" idle too early.
*/
static double minlatency = 8;
static double maxlatency = 33;
/* frames per second st should at maximum draw to the screen */
static unsigned int xfps = 120;
static unsigned int actionfps = 30;
/*
* blinking timeout (set to 0 to disable blinking) for the terminal blinking
@ -165,13 +156,6 @@ static unsigned int mousebg = 0;
*/
static unsigned int defaultattr = 11;
/*
* Force mouse select/shortcuts while mask is active (when MODE_MOUSE is set).
* Note that if you want to use ShiftMask with selmasks, set this to an other
* modifier, set to 0 to not use it.
*/
static uint forcemousemod = ShiftMask;
/*
* Xresources preferences to load at startup
*/
@ -198,8 +182,8 @@ ResourcePref resources[] = {
{ "cursorColor", STRING, &colorname[258] },
{ "termname", STRING, &termname },
{ "shell", STRING, &shell },
{ "minlatency", INTEGER, &minlatency },
{ "maxlatency", INTEGER, &maxlatency },
{ "xfps", INTEGER, &xfps },
{ "actionfps", INTEGER, &actionfps },
{ "blinktimeout", INTEGER, &blinktimeout },
{ "bellvolume", INTEGER, &bellvolume },
{ "tabspaces", INTEGER, &tabspaces },
@ -209,18 +193,23 @@ ResourcePref resources[] = {
{ "alpha", FLOAT, &alpha },
};
/*
* Force mouse select/shortcuts while mask is active (when MODE_MOUSE is set).
* Note that if you want to use ShiftMask with selmasks, set this to an other
* modifier, set to 0 to not use it.
*/
static uint forcemousemod = ShiftMask;
/*
* Internal mouse shortcuts.
* Beware that overloading Button1 will disable the selection.
*/
static MouseShortcut mshortcuts[] = {
/* mask button function argument release */
{ XK_ANY_MOD, Button4, kscrollup, {.i = 1}, 0, /* !alt */ -1 },
{ XK_ANY_MOD, Button5, kscrolldown, {.i = 1}, 0, /* !alt */ -1 },
{ ShiftMask, Button4, kscrollup, {.i = 1} },
{ ShiftMask, Button5, kscrolldown, {.i = 1} },
{ XK_ANY_MOD, Button2, selpaste, {.i = 0}, 1 },
{ ShiftMask, Button4, ttysend, {.s = "\033[5;2~"} },
{ XK_ANY_MOD, Button4, ttysend, {.s = "\031"} },
{ ShiftMask, Button5, ttysend, {.s = "\033[6;2~"} },
{ XK_ANY_MOD, Button5, ttysend, {.s = "\005"} },
};

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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
# st version
VERSION = 0.8.4
VERSION = 0.8.2
# Customize below to fit your system
@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ STLDFLAGS = $(LIBS) $(LDFLAGS)
# OpenBSD:
#CPPFLAGS = -DVERSION=\"$(VERSION)\" -D_XOPEN_SOURCE=600 -D_BSD_SOURCE
#LIBS = -L$(X11LIB) -lm -lX11 -lutil -lXft \
# `$(PKG_CONFIG) --libs fontconfig` \
# `$(PKG_CONFIG) --libs freetype2`
# `pkg-config --libs fontconfig` \
# `pkg-config --libs freetype2`
# compiler and linker
# CC = c99

87
st.c
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@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
/* macros */
#define IS_SET(flag) ((term.mode & (flag)) != 0)
#define ISCONTROLC0(c) (BETWEEN(c, 0, 0x1f) || (c) == 0x7f)
#define ISCONTROLC0(c) (BETWEEN(c, 0, 0x1f) || (c) == '\177')
#define ISCONTROLC1(c) (BETWEEN(c, 0x80, 0x9f))
#define ISCONTROL(c) (ISCONTROLC0(c) || ISCONTROLC1(c))
#define ISDELIM(u) (u && wcschr(worddelimiters, u))
@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ enum term_mode {
MODE_ECHO = 1 << 4,
MODE_PRINT = 1 << 5,
MODE_UTF8 = 1 << 6,
MODE_SIXEL = 1 << 7,
};
enum cursor_movement {
@ -81,11 +82,12 @@ enum charset {
enum escape_state {
ESC_START = 1,
ESC_CSI = 2,
ESC_STR = 4, /* DCS, OSC, PM, APC */
ESC_STR = 4, /* OSC, PM, APC */
ESC_ALTCHARSET = 8,
ESC_STR_END = 16, /* a final string was encountered */
ESC_TEST = 32, /* Enter in test mode */
ESC_UTF8 = 64,
ESC_DCS =128,
};
typedef struct {
@ -134,7 +136,6 @@ typedef struct {
int charset; /* current charset */
int icharset; /* selected charset for sequence */
int *tabs;
Rune lastc; /* last printed char outside of sequence, 0 if control */
} Term;
/* CSI Escape sequence structs */
@ -640,8 +641,7 @@ getsel(void)
* st.
* FIXME: Fix the computer world.
*/
if ((y < sel.ne.y || lastx >= linelen) &&
(!(last->mode & ATTR_WRAP) || sel.type == SEL_RECTANGULAR))
if ((y < sel.ne.y || lastx >= linelen) && !(last->mode & ATTR_WRAP))
*ptr++ = '\n';
}
*ptr = 0;
@ -737,7 +737,7 @@ sigchld(int a)
die("child exited with status %d\n", WEXITSTATUS(stat));
else if (WIFSIGNALED(stat))
die("child terminated due to signal %d\n", WTERMSIG(stat));
_exit(0);
exit(0);
}
void
@ -848,6 +848,7 @@ ttyread(void)
if (buflen > 0)
memmove(buf, buf + written, buflen);
return ret;
}
}
@ -1057,11 +1058,6 @@ tnew(int col, int row)
treset();
}
int tisaltscr(void)
{
return IS_SET(MODE_ALTSCREEN);
}
void
tswapscreen(void)
{
@ -1171,17 +1167,27 @@ selscroll(int orig, int n)
if (sel.ob.x == -1)
return;
if (BETWEEN(sel.nb.y, orig, term.bot) != BETWEEN(sel.ne.y, orig, term.bot)) {
if (BETWEEN(sel.ob.y, orig, term.bot) || BETWEEN(sel.oe.y, orig, term.bot)) {
if ((sel.ob.y += n) > term.bot || (sel.oe.y += n) < term.top) {
selclear();
} else if (BETWEEN(sel.nb.y, orig, term.bot)) {
sel.ob.y += n;
sel.oe.y += n;
if (sel.ob.y < term.top || sel.ob.y > term.bot ||
sel.oe.y < term.top || sel.oe.y > term.bot) {
selclear();
} else {
selnormalize();
return;
}
if (sel.type == SEL_RECTANGULAR) {
if (sel.ob.y < term.top)
sel.ob.y = term.top;
if (sel.oe.y > term.bot)
sel.oe.y = term.bot;
} else {
if (sel.ob.y < term.top) {
sel.ob.y = term.top;
sel.ob.x = 0;
}
if (sel.oe.y > term.bot) {
sel.oe.y = term.bot;
sel.oe.x = term.col;
}
}
selnormalize();
}
}
@ -1713,12 +1719,6 @@ csihandle(void)
if (csiescseq.arg[0] == 0)
ttywrite(vtiden, strlen(vtiden), 0);
break;
case 'b': /* REP -- if last char is printable print it <n> more times */
DEFAULT(csiescseq.arg[0], 1);
if (term.lastc)
while (csiescseq.arg[0]-- > 0)
tputc(term.lastc);
break;
case 'C': /* CUF -- Cursor <n> Forward */
case 'a': /* HPR -- Cursor <n> Forward */
DEFAULT(csiescseq.arg[0], 1);
@ -1926,7 +1926,7 @@ strhandle(void)
xsettitle(strescseq.args[1]);
return;
case 52:
if (narg > 2 && allowwindowops) {
if (narg > 2) {
dec = base64dec(strescseq.args[2]);
if (dec) {
xsetsel(dec);
@ -1962,6 +1962,7 @@ strhandle(void)
xsettitle(strescseq.args[0]);
return;
case 'P': /* DCS -- Device Control String */
term.mode |= ESC_DCS;
case '_': /* APC -- Application Program Command */
case '^': /* PM -- Privacy Message */
return;
@ -2155,9 +2156,12 @@ tdectest(char c)
void
tstrsequence(uchar c)
{
strreset();
switch (c) {
case 0x90: /* DCS -- Device Control String */
c = 'P';
term.esc |= ESC_DCS;
break;
case 0x9f: /* APC -- Application Program Command */
c = '_';
@ -2169,7 +2173,6 @@ tstrsequence(uchar c)
c = ']';
break;
}
strreset();
strescseq.type = c;
term.esc |= ESC_STR;
}
@ -2212,7 +2215,6 @@ tcontrolcode(uchar ascii)
return;
case '\032': /* SUB */
tsetchar('?', &term.c.attr, term.c.x, term.c.y);
/* FALLTHROUGH */
case '\030': /* CAN */
csireset();
break;
@ -2367,14 +2369,16 @@ tputc(Rune u)
Glyph *gp;
control = ISCONTROL(u);
if (u < 127 || !IS_SET(MODE_UTF8)) {
if (!IS_SET(MODE_UTF8) && !IS_SET(MODE_SIXEL)) {
c[0] = u;
width = len = 1;
} else {
len = utf8encode(u, c);
if (!control && (width = wcwidth(u)) == -1)
if (!control && (width = wcwidth(u)) == -1) {
memcpy(c, "\357\277\275", 4); /* UTF_INVALID */
width = 1;
}
}
if (IS_SET(MODE_PRINT))
tprinter(c, len);
@ -2388,11 +2392,23 @@ tputc(Rune u)
if (term.esc & ESC_STR) {
if (u == '\a' || u == 030 || u == 032 || u == 033 ||
ISCONTROLC1(u)) {
term.esc &= ~(ESC_START|ESC_STR);
term.esc &= ~(ESC_START|ESC_STR|ESC_DCS);
if (IS_SET(MODE_SIXEL)) {
/* TODO: render sixel */;
term.mode &= ~MODE_SIXEL;
return;
}
term.esc |= ESC_STR_END;
goto check_control_code;
}
if (IS_SET(MODE_SIXEL)) {
/* TODO: implement sixel mode */
return;
}
if (term.esc&ESC_DCS && strescseq.len == 0 && u == 'q')
term.mode |= MODE_SIXEL;
if (strescseq.len+len >= strescseq.siz) {
/*
* Here is a bug in terminals. If the user never sends
@ -2429,8 +2445,6 @@ check_control_code:
/*
* control codes are not shown ever
*/
if (!term.esc)
term.lastc = 0;
return;
} else if (term.esc & ESC_START) {
if (term.esc & ESC_CSI) {
@ -2461,7 +2475,7 @@ check_control_code:
*/
return;
}
if (selected(term.c.x, term.c.y))
if (sel.ob.x != -1 && BETWEEN(term.c.y, sel.ob.y, sel.oe.y))
selclear();
gp = &term.line[term.c.y][term.c.x];
@ -2480,7 +2494,6 @@ check_control_code:
}
tsetchar(u, &term.c.attr, term.c.x, term.c.y);
term.lastc = u;
if (width == 2) {
gp->mode |= ATTR_WIDE;
@ -2504,7 +2517,7 @@ twrite(const char *buf, int buflen, int show_ctrl)
int n;
for (n = 0; n < buflen; n += charsize) {
if (IS_SET(MODE_UTF8)) {
if (IS_SET(MODE_UTF8) && !IS_SET(MODE_SIXEL)) {
/* process a complete utf8 char */
charsize = utf8decode(buf + n, &u, buflen - n);
if (charsize == 0)

2
st.h
View File

@ -89,7 +89,6 @@ void sendbreak(const Arg *);
void toggleprinter(const Arg *);
int tattrset(int);
int tisaltscr(void);
void tnew(int, int);
void tresize(int, int);
void tsetdirtattr(int);
@ -121,7 +120,6 @@ extern char *stty_args;
extern char *vtiden;
extern wchar_t *worddelimiters;
extern int allowaltscreen;
extern int allowwindowops;
extern char *termname;
extern unsigned int tabspaces;
extern unsigned int defaultfg;

View File

@ -158,7 +158,6 @@ st-mono| simpleterm monocolor,
rc=\E8,
rev=\E[7m,
ri=\EM,
rin=\E[%p1%dT,
ritm=\E[23m,
rmacs=\E(B,
rmcup=\E[?1049l,
@ -184,8 +183,6 @@ st-mono| simpleterm monocolor,
# XTerm extensions
rmxx=\E[29m,
smxx=\E[9m,
# disabled rep for now: causes some issues with older ncurses versions.
# rep=%p1%c\E[%p2%{1}%-%db,
# tmux extensions, see TERMINFO EXTENSIONS in tmux(1)
Tc,
Ms=\E]52;%p1%s;%p2%s\007,

124
x.c
View File

@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ typedef struct {
void (*func)(const Arg *);
const Arg arg;
uint release;
int altscrn; /* 0: don't care, -1: not alt screen, 1: alt screen */
} MouseShortcut;
typedef struct {
@ -464,7 +463,6 @@ mouseaction(XEvent *e, uint release)
for (ms = mshortcuts; ms < mshortcuts + LEN(mshortcuts); ms++) {
if (ms->release == release &&
ms->button == e->xbutton.button &&
(!ms->altscrn || (ms->altscrn == (tisaltscr() ? 1 : -1))) &&
(match(ms->mod, state) || /* exact or forced */
match(ms->mod, state & ~forcemousemod))) {
ms->func(&(ms->arg));
@ -1561,9 +1559,8 @@ xdrawcursor(int cx, int cy, Glyph g, int ox, int oy, Glyph og)
/* draw the new one */
if (IS_SET(MODE_FOCUSED)) {
switch (win.cursor) {
case 7: /* st extension */
g.u = 0x2603; /* snowman (U+2603) */
/* FALLTHROUGH */
case 7: /* st extension: snowman (U+2603) */
g.u = 0x2603;
case 0: /* Blinking Block */
case 1: /* Blinking Block (Default) */
case 2: /* Steady Block */
@ -1725,7 +1722,8 @@ xsetmode(int set, unsigned int flags)
int
xsetcursor(int cursor)
{
if (!BETWEEN(cursor, 0, 7)) /* 7: st extension */
DEFAULT(cursor, 1);
if (!BETWEEN(cursor, 0, 6))
return 1;
win.cursor = cursor;
return 0;
@ -1902,9 +1900,10 @@ run(void)
XEvent ev;
int w = win.w, h = win.h;
fd_set rfd;
int xfd = XConnectionNumber(xw.dpy), ttyfd, xev, drawing;
struct timespec seltv, *tv, now, lastblink, trigger;
double timeout;
int xfd = XConnectionNumber(xw.dpy), xev, blinkset = 0, dodraw = 0;
int ttyfd;
struct timespec drawtimeout, *tv = NULL, now, last, lastblink;
long deltatime;
/* Waiting for window mapping */
do {
@ -1925,31 +1924,51 @@ run(void)
ttyfd = ttynew(opt_line, shell, opt_io, opt_cmd);
cresize(w, h);
for (timeout = -1, drawing = 0, lastblink = (struct timespec){0};;) {
clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &last);
lastblink = last;
for (xev = actionfps;;) {
FD_ZERO(&rfd);
FD_SET(ttyfd, &rfd);
FD_SET(xfd, &rfd);
if (XPending(xw.dpy))
timeout = 0; /* existing events might not set xfd */
seltv.tv_sec = timeout / 1E3;
seltv.tv_nsec = 1E6 * (timeout - 1E3 * seltv.tv_sec);
tv = timeout >= 0 ? &seltv : NULL;
if (pselect(MAX(xfd, ttyfd)+1, &rfd, NULL, NULL, tv, NULL) < 0) {
if (errno == EINTR)
continue;
die("select failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
}
clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &now);
if (FD_ISSET(ttyfd, &rfd))
if (FD_ISSET(ttyfd, &rfd)) {
ttyread();
if (blinktimeout) {
blinkset = tattrset(ATTR_BLINK);
if (!blinkset)
MODBIT(win.mode, 0, MODE_BLINK);
}
}
xev = 0;
if (FD_ISSET(xfd, &rfd))
xev = actionfps;
clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &now);
drawtimeout.tv_sec = 0;
drawtimeout.tv_nsec = (1000 * 1E6)/ xfps;
tv = &drawtimeout;
dodraw = 0;
if (blinktimeout && TIMEDIFF(now, lastblink) > blinktimeout) {
tsetdirtattr(ATTR_BLINK);
win.mode ^= MODE_BLINK;
lastblink = now;
dodraw = 1;
}
deltatime = TIMEDIFF(now, last);
if (deltatime > 1000 / (xev ? xfps : actionfps)) {
dodraw = 1;
last = now;
}
if (dodraw) {
while (XPending(xw.dpy)) {
xev = 1;
XNextEvent(xw.dpy, &ev);
if (XFilterEvent(&ev, None))
continue;
@ -1957,45 +1976,30 @@ run(void)
(handler[ev.type])(&ev);
}
/*
* To reduce flicker and tearing, when new content or event
* triggers drawing, we first wait a bit to ensure we got
* everything, and if nothing new arrives - we draw.
* We start with trying to wait minlatency ms. If more content
* arrives sooner, we retry with shorter and shorter periods,
* and eventually draw even without idle after maxlatency ms.
* Typically this results in low latency while interacting,
* maximum latency intervals during `cat huge.txt`, and perfect
* sync with periodic updates from animations/key-repeats/etc.
*/
if (FD_ISSET(ttyfd, &rfd) || xev) {
if (!drawing) {
trigger = now;
drawing = 1;
}
timeout = (maxlatency - TIMEDIFF(now, trigger)) \
/ maxlatency * minlatency;
if (timeout > 0)
continue; /* we have time, try to find idle */
}
/* idle detected or maxlatency exhausted -> draw */
timeout = -1;
if (blinktimeout && tattrset(ATTR_BLINK)) {
timeout = blinktimeout - TIMEDIFF(now, lastblink);
if (timeout <= 0) {
if (-timeout > blinktimeout) /* start visible */
win.mode |= MODE_BLINK;
win.mode ^= MODE_BLINK;
tsetdirtattr(ATTR_BLINK);
lastblink = now;
timeout = blinktimeout;
}
}
draw();
XFlush(xw.dpy);
drawing = 0;
if (xev && !FD_ISSET(xfd, &rfd))
xev--;
if (!FD_ISSET(ttyfd, &rfd) && !FD_ISSET(xfd, &rfd)) {
if (blinkset) {
if (TIMEDIFF(now, lastblink) \
> blinktimeout) {
drawtimeout.tv_nsec = 1000;
} else {
drawtimeout.tv_nsec = (1E6 * \
(blinktimeout - \
TIMEDIFF(now,
lastblink)));
}
drawtimeout.tv_sec = \
drawtimeout.tv_nsec / 1E9;
drawtimeout.tv_nsec %= (long)1E9;
} else {
tv = NULL;
}
}
}
}
}
@ -2070,7 +2074,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
xw.l = xw.t = 0;
xw.isfixed = False;
xsetcursor(cursorshape);
win.cursor = cursorshape;
ARGBEGIN {
case 'a':